Abraliopsis Joubin 1896

Figure.  Abraliopsis felis  at 362 m depth. © 2011 MBARI

Species of Abraliopsis

Abraliopsis (Boreabraliopsis) felis

Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) hoylei
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) morisii
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) pacificus
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) tui
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) sp. B
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) NC4
Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) sp. Z

Abraliopsis (Micrabralia) gilchristi
Abraliopsis (Micrabralia) lineata
Abraliopsis (Micrabralia) sp. E
Abraliopsis (Micrabralia) sp. NC1
Abraliopsis (Micrabralia) sp. NC2

Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) affinis
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) atlantica
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) chuni
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) falco
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) sp. A
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) sp. P
Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis) sp. V

Introduction

Species of Abraliopsis are small squids that are most easily recognized by spherical "black" photophores (usually three) at the tip of each Arm IV. The black appearance is due to black chromatophores that tightly cover the photophores but when the latter luminesce, the chromatophores withdraw from the photophores. This feature is shared with Watasenia scintillans from waters around Japan.

Brief diagnosis: 

An enoploteuthid ... 

• with 2 or 3 large, black photophores at the tips of arms IV.
• with hooks of manus in two series.
• with darkly pigmented buccal membrane (pigment not in chromatophores).
  

Characteristics

1. Arms
1. Suckers only at arm tips; arm-tip suckers in two series; suckers absent from arms IV (only hooks present).
2. Right arm IV hectocotylized.
   
   
2. Tentacles
1. Manus of club with two series of hooks and one series, usually incomplete, of suckers.
   
   

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   Figure. Oral view of the club of Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis) morisii. 

3. Buccal crown
1. Buccal crown with dark epithelial pigmentation on oral surface rather than typical chromatophores.*
2. Buccal connectives attach to borders DDVD of arm I-IV. Note that in some species of Abralia the attachment is DDDD.
   

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Figure. Side view of Abraliopsis sp. B. White arrow points to pigmented buccal crown. Black arrows point to large, pigmented photophores at the tips of arms IV. Photograph by R. Young.

4. Fins
   1. Fins extend to posterior end of tail.
      
      
5. Photophores.
   As in Abralia and Watasenia, Abraliopsis has three types of common integumental photophores covering the arms, head, funnel and mantle. In the photos below  the most complex of the integumental photophores with red color filters (called "complex" or "red" photophores) are easily recognized. The other two types of common integumental photophores (called "non-complex or "blue" photophores) have a blue color. The latter exhibit a variety of sizes and the largest of these, the second type, are photophores bearing large lenses. The smaller ones are the third type which are lensless. A fourth, but uncommon type of integumental photophore, is the colorless (ie, "white") photophores known only from the funnel groove. The structure of this type has not been investigated but these few photophores are clearly not all of the same structure.
   
   
1. Two to four large photophores covered by black chromatophores on tips of each arm IV (see photograph under "Buccal crown.")*
2. Five photophores on eyeball.*
3. Eyelid photophores along entire eyelid circumference except for small anterior and posterior breaks in some species.
   
4. Complex photophores of integument, in life, with red-colored filters.*
5. Photophores of funnel groove on head, distinctly different with white color.*
   


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Figure. Ventral surface of the head and photophores of Abraliopsis sp. B.  Left - Three types of photophores are apparent: Small photophores with red filters, smaller photophores with a blue reflection and large photophores (the ocular photophores) beneath the skin on the ventral surfaces of the eyeballs. Middle - An enlargement of some of the skin photophores. Right - white photophores of funnel groove (hidden by the funnel in the middle photograph). The arrow points to the anterior-most white photophore in the midline of the funnel groove. To the side and above the arrow are the "red" and "blue" photophores. Photographs by R. Young.


*Characters shared with Watasenia.


6. Photophore terminology: Terminology for photophore distribution patterns can be found here.
   
   
7. Spermatangia receptacles
   1. Located under dorsal collar or under gladius between stellate ganglia or both sites.
      

Classification

Species of Abraliopsis can be placed into four subgenera but the subgenus Micrabralia is probably not a natural group. The following table shows the primary taxonomic features of each group. See a more detailed comparison A. (Boreabraliopsis) and A. (Abraliopsis) on the A. (B.) felis page.

	Abraliopsis (Boreabraliopsis)	Abraliopsis (Abraliopsis)	Abraliopsis (Micrabralia)	Abraliopsis (Pfefferiteuthis)
No. of species	1	7	5	7
Oral surface of arms in males	Without papillae	Without papillae	With or without some papillae	Some or all arms with papillae
Ventral protective membrane of left arm IV, male,	Virtually absent	Virtually absent	Variable but not greatly enlarged	Greatly enlarged  membrane and trabeculae, with papillae
Photophore arrangement on ventral surface of head	Scattered	Scattered	Red and blue integumental photophores in linear pattern, with or without additional scattered blue photophores.	Red and blue integumental photophores in linear pattern, with or without additional scattered blue photophores.
Length of dorsal flap of hectocotylus relative to ventral flap	Nearly equal	Absent to very small (~ third)	~ third to half	~ half
Pattern* of funnel-groove photophores. See patterns here.	Simple Pattern:	Moderate Pattern:	Moderate (top) or Complex-1 Pattern (bottom):	Complex-2 Pattern:

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Figure. Arms IV from two subgenera showing some of the group characters. Note the papillae at the base of the arms in A. falco and the smooth arms in A. felis, and the greatly expanded ventral membrane on the left arm IV of A. falco. Drawings from Young (1972).

References

Tsuchiya, K. and T. Okutani. 1988. Subgenera of Enoploteuthis, Abralia and Abraliopsis of the squid family Enoploteuthidae (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida). Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo (series A) 14: 119-136.

Young, R.E. 1972. The systematics and areal distribution of pelagic cephalopods from the sea off southern California. Smiths. Contr. Zool., 97:1-159.

Young, R. E., L. A. Burgess, C. F. E. Roper, M. J. Sweeney and S. J. Stephen. 1998. Classification of the Enoploteuthidae, Pyroteuthidae and Ancistrocheiridae. Smithson. Contr. Zool., No. 586: 239-256.